Can a Serving Leader instigate a Global Mindset? Social Capital as an intervening mechanism between Servant Leadership and Global Mindset

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.62270/jirms.v7i2.160

Abstract

Purpose—Drawing from the social learning theory, this study examines the impact of servant leadership on global mindset, further, this study also investigates the mediating role of social capital between the relationship of servant leadership and global mindset.

Study Design/methodology/approach—Using a cross-sectional data collection methodology, this study collected data from 370 individuals working in different multinational organizations. The data was analyzed using SPSS, AMOS and Smart-PLS through different statistical techniques, i.e., CFA, and PROCESS-macro.

Findings—The results of this study illustrate that servant leadership has a positive impact directly on social capital and global mindset. Further, social capital, in turn, was found to have a positive influence on the global mindset of the employees. Additionally, social capital mediates the relationship between servant leadership and global mindset.

Practical Implications—Initiatives should be taken for the development of policies that aim at incorporation of serving style of leadership in the top-level management. Measures should be taken to create an environment and culture that is more conducive to the building of social capital and global mindset of employees, especially working in the MNCs.

Originality/Value—The present study was conducted with individuals of multinational organizations, with a focus on the global mindset of the employees. Further, this study contribution to leadership and organizational behavior domain explaining the impact of social capital and servant leadership to boost capabilities of the individuals working in multinational organizations to deal the challenges of globalization.

References

Abdi, A.-N. M., Hashi, M. B., & Latif, K. F. (2024). Ethical leadership and public sector performance: mediating role of corporate social responsibility and organizational politics and moderator of social capital. Cogent Business & Management, 11(1), 2386722. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2386722

Aboramadan, M., Crawford, J., Turkmenoglu, M. A., & Farao, C. (2022). Green inclusive leadership and employee green behaviors in the hotel industry: does perceived green organizational support matter? International Journal of Hospitality Management, 107, 103330. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103330

Aboramadan, M., Hamid, Z., Kundi, Y. M., & El Hamalawi, E. (2022). The effect of servant leadership on employees' extra‐role behaviors in NPOs: The role of work engagement. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 33(1), 109-129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.21505

Adams, D., Feng, X., & Omar, I. M. (2025). Review of the knowledge base of servant leadership in higher education research, 1998 to 2023. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 47(6), 629-648. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2025.2470747

Ahn, J. N., Hu, D., & Vega, M. (2020). “Do as I do, not as I say”: Using social learning theory to unpack the impact of role models on students' outcomes in education. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 14(2), e12517. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12517

Akers, R. L., & Jennings, W. G. (2015). Social learning theory. The handbook of criminological theory, 230-240. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118512449.ch12

Al-Tit, A. A., Al-Ayed, S., Alhammadi, A., Hunitie, M., Alsarayreh, A., & Albassam, W. (2022). The impact of employee development practices on human capital and social capital: the mediating contribution of knowledge management. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 8(4), 218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8040218

Andresen, M., & Bergdolt, F. (2017). A systematic literature review on the definitions of global mindset and cultural intelligence–merging two different research streams. The InTernaTIonal Journal of human resource managemenT, 28(1), 170-195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1243568

Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., Koh, C., Ng, K. Y., Templer, K. J., Tay, C., & Chandrasekar, N. A. (2007). Cultural intelligence: Its measurement and effects on cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation and task performance. Management and Organization Review, 3(3), 335-371. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2007.00082.x

Bandura. (1977). Social learning theory. Prentice-Hall.

Bandura, A., & Hall, P. (2018). Albert bandura and social learning theory. Learning theories for early years practice, 63-65.

Bayati, M. M., Sadeghi, A., Jamasbi, M. M., & Tapak, L. (2025). Servant leadership, work-life quality, and organizational citizenship behavior in nurses: a cross-sectional design. BMC nursing, 24(1), 561. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-025-03209-3

Beausaert, S., Froehlich, D. E., Riley, P., & Gallant, A. (2023). What about school principals’ well-being? The role of social capital. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 51(2), 405-421. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143221991853

Bowen, D. E., & Inkpen, A. C. (2009). Exploring the role of “global mindset” in leading change in international contexts. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 45(2), 239-260. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886309334149

Brown, M. E., & Treviño, L. K. (2006). Ethical leadership: A review and future directions. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(6), 595-616. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.10.004

Brown, T. A., & Moore, M. T. (2012). Confirmatory Factor Analysis. In Handbook of Structural Equation Modeling. The Guilford Press.

Cerrato, D., & Piva, M. (2015). The effect of global orientation on the performance of international new ventures: evidence from Italy. Management International Review, 55(6), 857-883. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-015-0255-6

Child, J., Karmowska, J., & Shenkar, O. (2022). The role of context in SME internationalization–A review. Journal of World Business, 57(1), 101267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2021.101267

Chon, K. K.-S., & Zoltan, J. (2019). Role of servant leadership in contemporary hospitality. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 31(8), 3371-3394. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-11-2018-0935

Chughtai, M. S., & Khan, H. S. (2023). Knowledge oriented leadership and employees’ innovative performance: a moderated mediation model. Current Psychology, 43(4), 3426-3439. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04502-7

Chughtai, M. S., Syed, F., Khalid, R., Raza, M., Raza, H., & Valeri, M. (2024). Affective change is the shadow of adaptive leadership in learning organisations. International Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning, 16(4), 374-400. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTEL.2024.141823

Chughtai, M. S., Syed, F., Naseer, S., & Chinchilla, N. (2024). Role of adaptive leadership in learning organizations to boost organizational innovations with change self‑efcacy. Current Psychology, 43(33), 27262-27281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04669-z

Daniels, L. M. (2020). Servant leadership in a globally diverse and inclusive organizational culture. In Culture in global businesses: Addressing national and organizational challenges (pp. 19-43). Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60296-3_2

De Leon, M. V., & Tubay, J. B. (2020). Ethical leadership of supervisors and internal social capital in a financial institution. International Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 8(2), 291-301. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35808/ijeba/462

Demeke, G. W., van Engen, M. L., & Markos, S. (2024). Servant leadership in the healthcare literature: A systematic review. Journal of Healthcare Leadership, 1-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/JHL.S440160

Earley, P. C., & Ang, S. (2003). Cultural intelligence: Individual interactions across cultures. Stanford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804766005

Eva, N., Sendjaya, S., Prajogo, D., & Madison, K. (2021). Does organizational structure render leadership unnecessary? Configurations of formalization and centralization as a substitute and neutralizer of servant leadership. Journal of Business Research, 129, 43-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.02.023

Fields, D., & Winston, B. (2010). Development and evaluation of a new parsimonious measure of servant leadership. Manuscript in preparation. Regent University, School of Global Leadership & Entrepreneurship, Virginia Beach, VA.

Firmansyah, D., & Saepuloh, D. (2022). Social learning theory: Cognitive and behavioral approaches. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Holistik (JIPH), 1(3), 297-324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55927/jiph.v1i2.937

Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error: Algebra and Statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382-388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800313

Galario, A., Evelyn, A., & Vicente, E. G. (2025). The influential role of Bandura’s social cognitive theory on leadership behaviors and decision-making in organizational contexts. Int J Res Innov Social Sci (IJRISS), 109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.910000265

Gannon, B., & Roberts, J. (2020). Social capital: exploring the theory and empirical divide. Empirical Economics, 58(3), 899-919. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-018-1556-y

Greenleaf, R. K. (1977). Servant leadership. New York.

Guo, Z., Chen, X., & Zhang, Y. (2022). Impact of environmental regulation perception on farmers' agricultural green production technology adoption: a new perspective of social capital. Technology in Society, 71, 102085. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.102085

Gupta, A. K., & Govindarajan, V. (2002). Cultivating a global mindset. Academy of Management Perspectives, 16(1), 116-126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.2002.6640211

Hair, Hollingsworth, C. L., Randolph, A. B., & Chong, A. Y. L. (2017). An updated and expanded assessment of PLS-SEM in information systems research. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 117(3), 442-458. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-04-2016-0130

Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203

Hale, J. R., & Fields, D. L. (2007). Exploring servant leadership across cultures: A study of followers in Ghana and the USA. Leadership, 3(4), 397-417. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715007082964

Harman, D. (1967). A single factor test of common method variance. Journal of Psychology, 35, 359-378.

Hayes, A. F. (2018). Partial, conditional, and moderated moderated mediation: Quantification, inference, and interpretation. Communication monographs, 85(1), 4-40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2017.1352100

Heredia-Portillo, O., & Armas-Arévalos, E. (2023). Explaining the international opportunity recognition with the qualitative comparative analysis: The role of dynamic capabilities self-efficacy and global mindset. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 11(1), 29-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2023.110102

Hu, L. t., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 6(1), 1-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118

Igalla, M., Edelenbos, J., & van Meerkerk, I. (2020). What explains the performance of community-based initiatives? Testing the impact of leadership, social capital, organizational capacity, and government support. Public Management Review, 22(4), 602-632. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2019.1604796

Islam, T., Ahmad, S., & Ahmed, I. (2023). Linking environment specific servant leadership with organizational environmental citizenship behavior: the roles of CSR and attachment anxiety. Review of Managerial Science, 17(3), 855-879. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-022-00547-3

Jaiwant, S. V., Gowda, K. R., & Kureethara, J. V. (2023). Servant leadership and diversity: A focus on ethnic and cultural diversity. In Cases on servant leadership and equity (pp. 177-191). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5812-9.ch011

Jan, G., Zainal, S. R. M., & Lata, L. (2021). Enhancing innovative work behaviour: the role of servant leadership and creative self-efficacy. On the Horizon, 29(2), 33-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/OTH-12-2020-0044

Javidan, M., Bullough, A., & Dibble, R. (2016). Mind the gap: Gender differences in global leadership self-efficacies. Academy of Management Perspectives, 30(1), 59-73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2015.0035

Jonker, C. S., & Dube, S. C. (2025). Servant leadership and well-being: A scoping review of positive organisational outcomes. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 23, 2783. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v23i0.2783

Kaya, B., & Karatepe, O. M. (2020). Does servant leadership better explain work engagement, career satisfaction and adaptive performance than authentic leadership? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(6), 2075-2095. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-05-2019-0438

Kida, R., Togari, T., Yumoto, Y., & Ogata, Y. (2021). The association between workplace social capital and authentic leadership, structural empowerment and forms of communication as antecedent factors in hospital nurses: A cross‐sectional multilevel approach. Journal of Nursing Management, 29(3), 508-517. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13174

Kossowska, M., & Rosinski, J. (2021). Global mindset: a systematic review of the concept. International Journal of Contemporary Management, 57(3), 1-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ijcm-2021-0008

Kostova, T., & Roth, K. (2003). Social capital in multinational corporations and a micro-macro model of its formation. Academy of Management Review, 28(2), 297-317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/30040714

Lazaris, M., & Freeman, S. (2018). An examination of global mindset and international market opportunities among SMEs. International Studies of Management & Organization, 48(2), 181-203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.2018.1443739

Leana, C. R., & Pil, F. K. (2006). Social capital and organizational performance: Evidence from urban public schools. Organization Science, 17(3), 353-366. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1060.0191

Lesser, E. L. (2000). Knowledge and social capital: Foundations and applications. Butterworth-Heinemann.

Levy, O., Beechler, S., Taylor, S., & Boyacigiller, N. A. (2007). What we talk about when we talk about ‘global mindset’: Managerial cognition in multinational corporations. Journal of International Business Studies, 38(2), 231-258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400265

Levy, O., Beechler, S., Taylor, S., & Boyacigiller, N. A. (2015). Global mindset. Wiley encyclopedia of management, 6, 1-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118785317.weom060094

Liden, R. C., & Knippenberg, D. v. (2025). Servant leadership: Strengths, weaknesses, and a path forward. Group & Organization Management, 10596011251338133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/10596011251338133

Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Liao, C., & Meuser, J. D. (2014). Servant leadership and serving culture: Influence on individual and unit performance. Academy of Management Journal, 57(5), 1434-1452. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2013.0034

Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Zhao, H., & Henderson, D. (2008). Servant leadership: Development of a multidimensional measure and multi-level assessment. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(2), 161-177. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.01.006

Linuesa-Langreo, J., Ruiz-Palomino, P., & Elche-Hortelano, D. (2017). New strategies in the new millennium: Servant leadership as enhancer of service climate and customer service performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 786. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00786

Lu, Y., & Yang, D. (2011). Information exchange in virtual communities under extreme disaster conditions. Decision Support Systems, 50(2), 529-538. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2010.11.011

Mittal, R., & Dorfman, P. W. (2012). Servant leadership across cultures. Journal of World Business, 47(4), 555-570. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2012.01.009

Mughal, M. F., Cai, S. L., Faraz, N. A., & Ahmed, F. (2022). Environmentally specific servant leadership and employees’ pro-environmental behavior: Mediating role of green self efficacy. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 15, 305-316. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S328776

Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 242-266. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/259373

Nasaj, M., Kumar, A., Kumari, P., & Alaya, A. (2025). The influence of proactive personality, cultural intelligence and global mindset on individual’s resilience behavior. Journal of Asia Business Studies, 19(2), 561-580. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-05-2024-0272

Nave, E., & Ferreira, J. (2024). Knowledge and capabilities: what are their roles in international business of SMEs? EuroMed Journal of Business, 19(4), 1042-1065. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EMJB-09-2022-0175

Northouse, P. G. (2019). Leadership: Theory and Practice (8th ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.

Nummela, N., Saarenketo, S., & Puumalainen, K. (2004). A global mindset—a prerequisite for successful internationalization? Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration, 21(1), 51-64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-4490.2004.tb00322.x

Oddou, G., Mendenhall, M. E., & Ritchie, J. B. (2000). Leveraging travel as a tool for global leadership development. Human Resource Management, 39(2‐3), 159-172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-050X(200022/23)39:2/3<159::AID-HRM6>3.0.CO;2-J

Overskeid, G. (2018). Do we need the environment to explain operant behavior? Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 373. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00373

Pitesa, M., Thau, S., & Pillutla, M. M. (2013). Cognitive control and socially desirable behavior: The role of interpersonal impact. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 122(2), 232-243. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2013.08.003

Putnam, R. D. (1995). Tuning in, tuning out: The strange disappearance of social capital in America. PS: Political science & politics, 28(4), 664-683. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/420517

Ramlawati, R., Serlin, S., Arminas, A., Junaidi, J., & Ready, W. (2023). The role of ethical leadership on employee commitment to the organization: the mediating role of job satisfaction and job engagement. Организационная психология, 13(1), 73-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17323/2312-5942-2023-13-1-73-91

Roy, I., & Islam, R. (2026). Beyond transformational: How servant leadership fosters knowledge sharing through psychological safety and trust. Journal of Knowledge Management, 30(4), 1563-1582. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-02-2025-0270

Ruiz-Palomino, P., Hernández-Perlines, F., Jiménez-Estévez, P., & Gutiérrez-Broncano, S. (2019). CEO servant leadership and firm innovativeness in hotels: A multiple mediation model of encouragement of participation and employees’ voice. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 31(4), 1647-1665. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-01-2018-0023

Rumjaun, A., & Narod, F. (2025). Social learning theory—albert bandura. In Science education in theory and practice: An introductory guide to learning theory (pp. 65-82). Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-81351-1_5

Russell, R. F., & Gregory Stone, A. (2002). A review of servant leadership attributes: Developing a practical model. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 23(3), 145-157. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730210424

Shamim, F., Qazi, S., Khalid, Y., & Chughtai, M. S. (2023). Training of Political Skills as Moderator between Cultural Intelligence and Expatriate Adjustment: A Social Learning Theory Perspective. Journal of Innovative Research in Management Sciences, 4(1), 1-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.62270/jirms.v4i1.40

Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic Confidence Intervals for Indirect Effects in Structural Equation Models. Sociological Methodology, 13, 290-312. https://doi.org/10.2307/270723 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/270723

Story, J. S., Barbuto Jr, J. E., Luthans, F., & Bovaird, J. A. (2014). Meeting the challenges of effective international HRM: Analysis of the antecedents of global mindset. Human Resource Management, 53(1), 131-155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21568

Van Dierendonck, D., Sousa, M., Gunnarsdóttir, S., Bobbio, A., Hakanen, J., Pircher Verdorfer, A., Cihan Duyan, E., & Rodriguez-Carvajal, R. (2017). The cross-cultural invariance of the servant leadership survey: A comparative study across eight countries. Administrative Sciences, 7(2), 8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci7020008

Walter, F., & Scheibe, S. (2013). A literature review and emotion-based model of age and leadership: New directions for the trait approach. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(6), 882-901. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.10.003

Whitfield, D. (2014). Servant-leadership with cultural dimensions in cross-cultural settings. In Servant leadership: Research and practice (pp. 48-70). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5840-0.ch003

Woolcock, M. (1998). Social capital and economic development: Toward a theoretical synthesis and policy framework. Theory and society, 27(2), 151-208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006884930135

Xu, H., Zhang, C., & Huang, Y. (2023). Social trust, social capital, and subjective well-being of rural residents: Micro-empirical evidence based on the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS). Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(1), 1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01532-1

Xu, J.-M., Stark, A. T., Ying, B.-H., Lian, Z.-M., Huang, Y.-S., & Chen, R.-M. (2022). Nurses' workplace social capital and the influence of transformational leadership: a theoretical perspective. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 855278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.855278

Yari, N., Lankut, E., Alon, I., & Richter, N. F. (2020). Cultural intelligence, global mindset, and cross-cultural competencies: A systematic review using bibliometric methods. European Journal of International Management, 14(2), 210-250. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/EJIM.2020.105567

Yazdanshenas, M., & Mirzaei, M. (2023). Leadership integrity and employees’ success: role of ethical leadership, psychological capital, and psychological empowerment. International Journal of Ethics and Systems, 39(4), 761-780. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOES-05-2022-0117

Yukl, G., Gordon, A., & Taber, T. (2002). A hierarchical taxonomy of leadership behavior: Integrating a half century of behavior research. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 9(1), 15-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/107179190200900102

Yukl, G., & Mahsud, R. (2010). Why flexible and adaptive leadership is essential. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 62(2), 81-93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019835

Zhang, Y. S. D., & Noels, K. A. (2024). Understanding the interrelations between cultural empathy, intercultural communication competence, and the psychosocial adjustment of international students in Canada: A longitudinal examination. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 102, 102023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2024.102023

Ziersch, A. M., Baum, F. E., MacDougall, C., & Putland, C. (2005). Neighbourhood life and social capital: the implications for health. Social Science & Medicine, 60(1), 71-86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.04.027

Downloads

Published

30-06-2026

Data Availability Statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Qazi, S., Syed, F., Khalid, Y., & Shamim, F. (2026). Can a Serving Leader instigate a Global Mindset? Social Capital as an intervening mechanism between Servant Leadership and Global Mindset. Journal of Innovative Research in Management Sciences, 7(2), 50-69. https://doi.org/10.62270/jirms.v7i2.160