Training of Political Skills as Moderator between Cultural Intelligence and Expatriate Adjustment: A Social Learning Theory Perspective

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.62270/jirms.v4i1.40

Keywords:

Cultural Intelligence (CQ), Training of Political Skills (TPS), Expatriate Adjustment (EA), Social Learning Theory (SLT)

Abstract

Background - Applying social learning theory, we propose a relationship of cultural intelligence with the moderation effect of political skills to predict expatriate adjustment.
Design/methodology/approach - Three ninety-one participants voluntarily participated in the survey for the data collection from four sectors (banking, telecom, software, and public).
Findings - The findings reveal that a direct positive influence of cultural intelligence on expatriate adjustment and political skills positively moderates this relationship.
Practical Implications- This study provides guidance to policymakers and practitioners that by using the tools of cultural intelligence and political skills, they can overcome the hurdles faced by the expatriates for adjustment in multi-national firms and culture.
Originality/value - This study emphasized the primary domain of political skills, which enables the expatriates to adjust themselves with higher cultural intelligence in the environment of multinational firms.

Author Biography

  • Muhammad Salman Chughtai, Ph.D. Scholar, Faculty of Management Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Managing People in organizations, IESE Business School, University of Navara, Barcelona Spain

     

     

References

Afsar, B., Al-Ghazali, B. M., Cheema, S., & Javed, F. (2020). Cultural intelligence and innovative work behavior: the role of work engagement and interpersonal trust. European Journal of Innovation Management, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-01-2020-0008

Ain, N. U., Azeem, M. U., Sial, M. H., & Arshad, M. A. (2022). Linking knowledge hiding to extra-role performance: The role of emotional exhaustion and political skills. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 20(3), 367-380. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14778238.2021.1876536 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14778238.2021.1876536

Akhal, K., & Liu, S. (2019). Cultural intelligence effects on expatriates’ adjustment and turnover intentions in Mainland China. Management Research Review, 42(7), 818-836. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-04-2018-0157

Alon, I., & Higgins, J. M. (2005). Global leadership success through emotional and cultural intelligences. Business Horizons, 48(6), 501-512. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2005.04.003

Alshahrani, S. T. (2022). The motivation for the mobility–A comparison of the company assigned and self-initiated expatriates in Saudi Arabia. Cogent Social Sciences, 8(1), 1-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2027626

Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., Koh, C., Ng, K. Y., Templer, K. J., Tay, C., & Chandrasekar, N. A. (2007). Cultural intelligence: Its measurement and effects on cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation and task performance. Management and Organization Review, 3(3), 335-371. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2007.00082.x

Anggraini, P. G., & Sholihin, M. (2023). What do we know about managerial ability? A systematic literature review. Management Review Quarterly, 73(1), 1-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-021-00229-6

Baker, A. C., Jensen, P. J., & Kolb, D. A. (2002). Conversational learning: An experiential approach to knowledge creation. Greenwood Publishing Group.

Baker, A. C., Jensen, P. J., & Kolb, D. A. (2005). Conversation as experiential learning. Management learning, 36(4), 411-427. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507605058130

Bakker, A. B., & de Vries, J. D. (2021). Job Demands–Resources theory and self-regulation: new explanations and remedies for job burnout. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 34(1), 1-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2020.1797695

Banai, M. (2022). Toward a general theory of expatriates’ cross-cultural adjustment. International studies of management & organization, 52(1), 25-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.2021.2023444

Bandura. (1977). Social learning theory. Prentice-Hall.

Bandura, A., & Hall, P. (2018). Albert bandura and social learning theory. Learning theories for early years practice, 63-65.

Bateman, T. S., & Crant, J. M. (1993). The proactive component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14(2), 103-118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030140202

Bayraktar, S., & Jiménez, A. (2020). Self-efficacy as a resource: a moderated mediation model of transformational leadership, extent of change and reactions to change. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 33(2), 301-317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-12-2018-0368

Bennett, R., Aston, A., & Colquhoun, T. (2000). Cross‐cultural training: A critical step in ensuring the success of international assignments. Human Resource Management, 39(2‐3), 239-250. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-050X(200022/23)39:2/3<239::AID-HRM12>3.0.CO;2-J

Bentley, J. R., Breland, J. W., Xu, N., Campion, E. D., & Treadway, D. C. (2015). The political skill and will of expatriates in acculturating to the politics of an organization in a new culture. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 49, 343-353. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2015.06.002

Berson, Y., Nemanich, L. A., Waldman, D. A., Galvin, B. M., & Keller, R. T. (2006). Leadership and organizational learning: A multiple levels perspective. The Leadership Quarterly, 17, 6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.10.003

Bhaskar-Shrinivas, P., Harrison, D. A., Shaffer, M. A., & Luk, D. M. (2005). Input-based and time-based models of international adjustment: Meta-analytic evidence and theoretical extensions. Academy of Management Journal, 48(2), 257-281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2005.16928400

Bird, A., Mendenhall, M., Stevens, M. J., & Oddou, G. (2010). Defining the content domain of intercultural competence for global leaders. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 5(8), 810-828. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941011089107

Bird, A., & Osland, J. S. (2017). Global competencies: An introduction. In M. L. M. Henry W. Lane, Mark E. Mendenhall, Jeanne McNett (Ed.), The Blackwell handbook of global management (pp. 55-80). Blackwell Publishing Ltd. . DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405166355.ch3

Black, J. S. (1988). Work role transitions: A study of American expatriate managers in Japan. Journal of International Business Studies, 19, 277-294. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490383

Black, J. S., Mendenhall, M., & Oddou, G. (1991). Toward a comprehensive model of international adjustment: An integration of multiple theoretical perspectives. Academy of Management Review, 16(2), 291-317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/258863

Black, J. S., & Stephens, G. K. (1989). The influence of the spouse on American expatriate adjustment and intent to stay in Pacific Rim overseas assignments. Journal of Management, 15(4), 529-544. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/014920638901500403

Bogilović, S., Černe, M., & Škerlavaj, M. (2017). Hiding behind a mask? Cultural intelligence, knowledge hiding, and individual and team creativity. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(5), 710-723. https://doi.org/https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1080/1359432X.2017.1337747 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2017.1337747

Brinkmann, M. (2018). The concept of political competence. Critical Review, 30(3-4), 163-193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2018.1572974

Brislin, R., Worthley, R., & Macnab, B. (2006). Cultural intelligence: Understanding behaviors that serve people’s goals. Group & Organization Management, 31(1), 40-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601105275262

Brynningsen, G. (2009). Managing expatriates on international assignments. Otago Management Graduate Review, 7(1), 1-17.

Burakova, M., & Filbien, M. (2020). Intelligence culturelle comme prédicteur de la performance au travail en expatriation: rôle médiateur de l’ajustement culturel. Pratiques psychologiques, 26(1), 1-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prps.2019.03.003

Caligiuri, P., Phillips, J., Lazarova, M., Tarique, I., & Burgi, P. (2001). The theory of met expectations applied to expatriate adjustment: The role of crosscultural training. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12(3), 357-372. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190121711

Cao, C., Peng, M. Y.-P., & Xu, Y. (2022). How Determinants of Employee Innovation Behavior Matter During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Investigating Cross-Regional Role via Multi-Group Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 739898. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.739898

Chan, H. L., Zawawi, D., Ng, S. I., & Nipo, D. T. A. (2022). No expatriate is an island: the role of salient stakeholders' support in international assignments. International Journal of Manpower, 43(4), 1001-1018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-11-2019-0520

Chang, Y.-Y., Chen, H.-Y., & Chau, M.-D. (2023). Is There No Place Like Home? Expatriates' Locus of Control Personality, Self-efficacy, Cross-cultural Adjustment, and Organizational Support for Expatriate Career. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 93, 101761. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2023.101761

Chen, Y., Yang, Z., Liu, B., Wang, D., Xiao, Y., & Wang, A. (2023). How cultural intelligence affects expatriate effectiveness in international construction projects. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print ), 1-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-03-2022-0247

Chien, G. C., Mao, I., Nergui, E., Chang, W. J. J. o. H. R. i. H., & Tourism. (2020). The effect of work motivation on employee performance: Empirical evidence from 4-star hotels in Mongolia. 19(4), 473-495. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15332845.2020.1763766

Crant, J., & Bateman, T. (2004). The central role of proactive behavior in organizations. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the Academy of Management (Proactivity: Enhancing understanding of self-started and dynamic action within organizations), New Orleans, Louisiana.

Crawford, W. S., Lamarre, E., Kacmar, K. M., & Harris, K. J. (2019). Organizational politics and deviance: exploring the role of political skill. Human Performance, 32(2), 92-106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2019.1597100

Cunningham, C. E., Woodward, C. A., Shannon, H. S., MacIntosh, J., Lendrum, B., Rosenbloom, D., & Brown, J. (2002). Readiness for organizational change: A longitudinal study of workplace, psychological and behavioural correlates. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75(4), 377-392. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1348/096317902321119637

Daab, T. M. (2022). The impact of COVID-19 on the economy and management of international companies. Economics, Finance and Management Review(1), 4-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36690/2674-5208-2022-1-4

Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., & Xanthopoulou, D. (2019). Job Demands-Resources theory and the role of individual cognitive and behavioral strategies. In The fun and frustration of modern working life: Contributions from an occupational health psychology perspective (T. Taris, M. Peeters, & H. De Witte ed., pp. 94-104). Pelckmans Pro.

Du, Y., Hu, H., & Wang, Z. (2021). Entrepreneurs’ Felt Responsibility for Constructive Change and Entrepreneurial Performance: A Moderated Mediation Model of Technology Action and Market Orientation. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.751821

Earley, P. C., & Ang, S. (2003). Cultural intelligence: Individual interactions across cultures. Stanford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804766005

Earley, P. C., & Mosakowski, E. (2004a). Cultural intelligence. Harvard Business Review, 82(10), 139-146.

Earley, P. C., & Mosakowski, E. (2004b). Toward culture intelligence: turning cultural differences into a workplace advantage. Academy of Management Perspectives, 18(3), 151-157. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.2004.28561784

Earley, P. C., & Peterson, R. S. (2004). The elusive cultural chameleon: Cultural intelligence as a new approach to intercultural training for the global manager. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 3(1), 100-115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2004.12436826

Engle, S., Allen D, Dowling, P. J., & Festing, M. (2008). State of origin: research in global performance management, a proposed research domain and emerging implications. European Journal of International Management, 2(2), 153-169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/EJIM.2008.017759

Fang, Y., Jiang, G. L. F., Makino, S., & Beamish, P. W. (2010). Multinational firm knowledge, use of expatriates, and foreign subsidiary performance. Journal of Management Studies, 47(1), 27-54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00850.x

Faran, S., Dastgeer, G., & Akhtar, S. (2021). Analyzing the relationship between cultural intelligence and life satisfaction: Mediating role of career engagement. Sukkur IBA Journal of Management and Business, 8(2), 125-141. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30537/sijmb.v8i2.735

Farooq, Q., Hao, Y., & Liu, X. (2019). Understanding corporate social responsibility with cross‐cultural differences: A deeper look at religiosity. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 26(4), 965-971. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1736

Feitosa, J., Kreutzer, C., Kramperth, A., S. Kramer, W., & Salas, E. (2014). Expatriate adjustment: Considerations for selection and training. Journal of Global Mobility, 2(2), 134-159. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JGM-06-2013-0042

Ferris, G. R., Perrewé, P. L., Anthony, W. P., & Gilmore, D. C. (2000). Political Skill at Work. Organizational Dynamics, 28(4), 25-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-2616(00)00007-3

Ferris, G. R., Treadway, D. C., Kolodinsky, R. W., Hochwarter, W. A., Kacmar, C. J., Douglas, C., & Frink, D. D. (2005). Development and validation of the political skill inventory. Journal of Management, 31(1), 126-152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206304271386

Ferris, G. R., Treadway, D. C., Perrewé, P. L., Brouer, R. L., Douglas, C., & Lux, S. (2007). Political skill in organizations. Journal of Management, 33(3), 290-320. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307300813

Gardner, H. (1993). Multiple intelligences: The theory in practice. Basic books.

Goswami, M. (2022). Promoting fearlessness of change through social intelligence: mediating role of collective efficacy and moderating role of management commitment to change. Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change, 18(2), 286-303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JAOC-05-2020-0064

Guang, X., & Charoensukmongkol, P. (2020). The effects of cultural intelligence on leadership performance among Chinese expatriates working in Thailand. Asian Business & Management, 21, 1-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41291-020-00112-4

Harris, K. J., Kacmar, K. M., Zivnuska, S., & Shaw, J. D. (2007). The impact of political skill on impression management effectiveness. J Appl Psychol, 92(1), 278-285. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.278 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.278

Harvey, M., & Novicevic, M. M. (2002). The hypercompetitive global marketplace: the importance of intuition and creativity in expatriate managers. Journal of World Business, 37(2), 127-138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-9516(02)00072-X

Harzing, A. W. (2002). Are our referencing errors undermining our scholarship and credibility? The case of expatriate failure rates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(1), 127-148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.125

Hechanova, R., Beehr, T. A., & Christiansen, N. D. (2003). Antecedents and consequences of employees’ adjustment to overseas assignment: a meta‐analytic review. Applied Psychology, 52(2), 213-236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00132

Huang, T.-J., Chi, S.-C., & Lawler, J. J. (2005). The relationship between expatriates' personality traits and their adjustment to international assignments. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(9), 1656-1670.

Huang, T.-J., Chi, S.-C., & Lawler, J. J. (2005). The relationship between expatriates’ personality traits and their adjustment to international assignments. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(9), 1656-1670. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190500239325

Hung, T.-K., Tian, M., & Lee, S.-L. (2023). The relationship between characteristics of the source of knowledge and knowledge transfer performance: moderated mediation examination of political skill. Management Decision, 61(5), 1132-1155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-02-2022-0233

Hussain, T., & Zhang, Y. (2023). The influences of cross-cultural adjustment and motivation on self-initiated expatriates' innovative work behavior. Personnel Review, 52(4), 1255-1272. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-05-2021-0320

Iskhakova, M., Bradly, A., Whiting, B., & Lu, V. N. (2022). Cultural intelligence development during short-term study abroad programmes: the role of cultural distance and prior international experience. Studies in Higher Education, 47(8), 1694-1711. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2021.1957811

Jackson, D. (2009). Profiling industry-relevant management graduate competencies: The need for a fresh approach. International Journal of Management Education, 8(1), 85-98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3794/ijme.81.281

Jawahar, I. M., Meurs, J. A., Ferris, G. R., & Hochwarter, W. A. (2008). Self-Efficacy and Political Skill as Comparative Predictors of Task and Contextual Performance: A Two-Study Constructive Replication. Human Performance, 21(2), 138-157. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959280801917685 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08959280801917685

Kim, K., Kirkman, B. L., & Chen, G. (2008). Cultural intelligence and international assignment effectiveness. Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications(Part II), 71-90.

Kimura, T. (2015). A review of political skill: Current research trend and directions for future research. International Journal of Management Reviews, 17(3), 312-332. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12041

Konanahalli, A., Oyedele, L. O., Spillane, J., Coates, R., Von Meding, J., & Ebohon, J. (2014). Cross-cultural intelligence (CQ): It's impact on British expatriate adjustment on international construction projects. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 7(3), 423-448. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMPB-10-2012-0062

Kour, S., & Jyoti, J. (2022). Cross-cultural training and adjustment through the lens of cultural intelligence and type of expatriates. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 44(1), 1-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-07-2020-0355

Lam, R., Cheung, C., & Lugosi, P. (2022). The impacts of cultural intelligence and emotional labor on the job satisfaction of luxury hotel employees. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 100, 103084. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.103084

Lee, K.-J., Yun, Y.-J., & Kim, E.-Y. (2019). Political skills and career success of R&D personnel: a comparative mediation analysis between perceived supervisor support and perceived organisational support. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 31(11), 1270-1282. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2019.1605051 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2019.1605051

Lee, L.-Y., & Sukoco, B. M. (2010). The effects of cultural intelligence on expatriate performance: The moderating effects of international experience. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(7), 963-981. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585191003783397

Lu, S. (2012). The impact of cultural intelligence in facilitating expatriate performance: the mediating role of cultural adjustment and cultural effectiveness Massey University]. Auckland, New Zealand.

Lvina, E., Johns, G., Treadway, D. C., Blickle, G., Liu, Y., Liu, J., Atay, S., Zettler, I., Solga, J., & Noethen, D. (2012). Measure invariance of the Political Skill Inventory (PSI) across five cultures. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 12(2), 171-191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1470595812439870

Magnini, V. P. (2009). An exploratory investigation of the real-time training modes used by hotel expatriates. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28(4), 513-518. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.02.005

Malek, M. A., & Budhwar, P. (2013). Cultural intelligence as a predictor of expatriate adjustment and performance in Malaysia. Journal of World Business, 48(2), 222-231. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2012.07.006

Martins, D., & Tomé, E. (2015). The influence of pre-departure training on expatriate adjustment: an empirical investigation with Portuguese international assignees. In International Human Resources Management: Challenges and Changes (pp. 53-73). Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15308-7_4

Mello, R., Suutari, V., & Dickmann, M. (2023). Taking stock of expatriates’ career success after international assignments: A review and future research agenda. Human Resource Management Review, 33(1), 100913. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2022.100913

Mendenhall, M. E., & Stahl, G. K. (2000). Expatriate training and development: where do we go from here? Human Resource Management, 39(2‐3), 251-265. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-050X(200022/23)39:2/3<251::AID-HRM13>3.0.CO;2-I

Meurs, J. A., Perrewé, P. L., & Ferris, G. R. (2011). Political skill as moderator of the trait sincerity–task performance relationship: A socioanalytic, narrow trait perspective. Human Performance, 24(2), 119-134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2011.554469

Mikkelsen, A., & Olsen, E. (2018). The influence of change-oriented leadership on work performance and job satisfaction in hospitals–the mediating roles of learning demands and job involvement. Leadership in Health Services, 32(1), 37-53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/LHS-12-2016-0063

Minter, R. L. (2008). Preparation of expatriates for global assignments: Revisited. Journal of Diversity Management, 3(2), 37-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19030/jdm.v3i2.4988

Moorman, R. H., & Harland, L. K. (2002). Temporary employees as good citizens: Factors influencing their OCB performance. Journal of Business and Psychology, 17, 171-187. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019629330766

Morence, C. F., Esteves, M. F., Silva, N. R., & Moreira, A. C. (2021). Types and challenges of expatriation. In Encyclopedia of Organizational Knowledge, Administration, and Technology (pp. 2522-2532). IGI Global. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3473-1.ch175

Morin, G., & Talbot, D. (2023). Cultural intelligence of expatriate workers: a systematic review. Management Review Quarterly, 73(1), 413-454. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-021-00245-6

Morris, M. A., & Robie, C. (2001). A meta‐analysis of the effects of cross‐cultural training on expatriate performance and adjustment. International Journal of Training and Development, 5(2), 112-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2419.00126

Munyon, T. P., Frieder, R. E., Satornino, C. B., Carnes, A. M., Bolander, W., & Ferris, G. R. (2021). Selling your network: how political skill builds social capital and enhances salesperson performance. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 41(3), 233-249. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08853134.2020.1866589

Naeem, K., Jawad, A., Rehman, S.-U., & Zulqarnain, M. (2020). Role of cross cultural training on expatriates overall adjustment in China and Malaysia. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 9(4), pp. 828-848.

Ng, K.-Y., Van Dyne, L., & Ang, S. (2012). Cultural intelligence: A review, reflections, and recommendations for future research. In Conducting multinational research: Applying organizational psychology in the workplace (A. M. Ryan, F. T. L. Leong, & F. L. Oswald ed.). American Psychological Association.

Nowak, C., & Linder, C. (2016). Do you know how much your expatriate costs? An activity-based cost analysis of expatriation. Journal of Global Mobility, 4(1), 88-107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JGM-10-2015-0043

Okpara, J. O., Kabongo, J. D., & Lau, W. K. (2021). Effects of predeparture and postarrival c ross‐cultural trainings on expatriates adjustment: A study of Chinese expatriates in Nigeria. Thunderbird International Business Review, 63(2), 115-130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.22185

Osland, J. S., Bird, A., Reiche, B. S., & Mendenhall, M. E. (2023). A model of trigger events and sensemaking in the intercultural context: A cognitive approach to global leadership effectiveness. In Advances in global leadership (pp. 111-138). Emerald Publishing Limited. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S1535-120320230000015004

Panda, M., Pradhan, R. K., & Singh, S. K. (2022). What makes organization-assigned expatriates perform in the host country? A moderated mediation analysis in the India-China context. Journal of Business Research, 142, 663-673. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.01.010

Patel, P., Varma, A., Sengupta, S., Prikshat, V., & Park, H. (2022). The international training of expatriates in Western subsidiaries of emerging multinational enterprises: a knowledge-based perspective. Journal of International Management, 28(1), 100908. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2021.100908

Peltokorpi, V. (2023). The “language” of career success: The effects of English language competence on local employees’ career outcomes in foreign subsidiaries. Journal of International Business Studies, 54(2), 258-284. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-022-00544-4

Pfeffer, J. (1981). Power in Organizations Pitman.

Pfeffer, J. (1992). Understanding power in organizations. California Management Review, 34(2), 29-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/41166692

Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879

Puck, J. F., Kittler, M. G., & Wright, C. (2008). Does it really work? Re-assessing the impact of pre-departure cross-cultural training on expatriate adjustment. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(12), 2182-2197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190802479413

Racicot, B. M., & Ferry, D. L. (2016). The Impact of Motivational and Metacognitive Cultural Intelligence on the Study Abroad Experience. Journal of educational issues, 2(1), 115-129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5296/jei.v2i1.9021

Rains, J. W., & Barton‐Kriese, P. (2001). Developing political competence: A comparative study across disciplines. Public Health Nursing, 18(4), 219-224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1446.2001.00219.x

Roczniewska, M., Puchalska-Kamińska, M., & Łądka-Barańska, A. (2020). Facing education reform: Change-related self-efficacy is linked to job insecurity via appraisal. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 1-25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0143831X20975479

Roehl, C. (2021). Cultural Intelligence: German Expatriates as Managers in Portugal. In Cases on Internationalization Challenges for SMEs (pp. 152-174). IGI Global. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4387-0.ch008

Rui, H., Zhang, M., & Shipman, A. (2017). Chinese expatriate management in emerging markets: A competitive advantage perspective. Journal of International Management, 23(2), 124-138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2017.01.002

Schneider, S. C., & Asakawa, K. (1995). American and Japanese expatriate adjustment: A psychoanalytic perspective. Human Relations, 48(10), 1109-1127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679504801001

Shen, J. (2005). International training and management development: theory and reality. The Journal of Management Development, 24(7), 656-666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710510608786

Shin, S. J., Morgeson, F. P., & Campion, M. A. (2007). What you do depends on where you are: Understanding how domestic and expatriate work requirements depend upon the cultural context. Journal of International Business Studies, 38, 64-83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400247

Sternberg, R. J., Sternberg, R. J., & Detterman, D. K. (1986). What is intelligence?: Contemporary viewpoints on its nature and definition. Praeger Pub Text.

Summers, J. K., Munyon, T. P., Brouer, R. L., Pahng, P., & Ferris, G. R. (2020). Political skill in the stressor-strain relationship: A meta-analytic update and extension. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 118, 103372. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2019.103372

Taamneh, M. M., Albdareen, R. Q., Aladwan, S. A., & Taamneh, A. M. J. J. o. P. A. (2022). The impact of corporate social responsibility on the reputation of universities within developing countries: Evidence from Jordan. 22, e2807. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2807

Tahir, R. (2022). Cross-cultural training: a study of European expatriates in New Zealand. European Journal of Training and Development, 46(9), 894-919. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-01-2021-0013

Takeuchi, R. (2010). A critical review of expatriate adjustment research through a multiple stakeholder view: Progress, emerging trends, and prospects. Journal of Management, 36(4), 1040-1064. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206309349308

Takeuchi, R., & Chen, J. (2013). The impact of international experiences for expatriates’ cross-cultural adjustment: A theoretical review and a critique. Organizational Psychology Review, 3(3), 248-290. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2041386613492167

Takeuchi, R., Yun, S., & Tesluk, P. E. (2002). An examination of crossover and spillover effects of spousal and expatriate cross-cultural adjustment on expatriate outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 655-666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.655

Templer, K. J. (2018). Dark personality, job performance ratings, and the role of political skill: An indication of why toxic people may get ahead at work. Personality and Individual Differences, 124, 209-214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.11.030

Templer, K. J., Tay, C., & Chandrasekar, N. A. (2006). Motivational cultural intelligence, realistic job preview, realistic living conditions preview, and cross-cultural adjustment. Group & Organization Management, 31(1), 154-173. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601105275293

Tennant, C., Boonkrong, M., & Roberts, P. A. (2002). The design of a training programme measurement model. Journal of European Industrial Training, 26(5), 230-240. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/03090590210424902

Tocaven Gonzalez, D. A., & Kasteren, H. v. (2021). Identifying strategies for selecting expatriate employees. Vértice universitario, 23(90), 15-27.

Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a Methodology for Developing Evidence-Informed Management Knowledge by Means of Systematic Review. British Journal of Management, 14, 207-222. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.00375

Treadway, D. C., Hochwarter, W. A., Kacmar, C. J., & Ferris, G. R. (2005). Political will, political skill, and political behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(3), 229-245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.310

Van der Laken, P., Van Engen, M., Van Veldhoven, M., & Paauwe, J. (2019). Fostering expatriate success: A meta-analysis of the differential benefits of social support. Human Resource Management Review, 29(4), 100679. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2018.12.003

Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., & Livermore, D. (2010). Cultural intelligence: A pathway for leading in a rapidly globalizing world. Leading across differences, 4(2), 131-138.

Wang, C. H., Varma, A., Hung, L. S., & Wu, P. Y. (2022). A meta‐analysis of the antecedents of employee willingness to expatriate. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 1, 1-21.

Webber, E.-L., & Vögel, A. J. (2019). The preparation, training and support requirements of expatriate trailing spouses. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 22(1), 1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v22i1.2703

Wilson, C. E. (2008). Faith-based motivation and leader development: International service experiences as catalyst for moral development and cultural intelligence. Culture and Religion, 9(3), 287-300. https://doi.org/10.1080/14755610802535637 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14755610802535637

Wu, S., Fan, D., & Dabasia, A. J. (2023). Expatriate adjustment and subsidiary performance: a motivation-hygiene perspective. International Journal of Manpower, 44(1), 1-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-04-2020-0154

Wu, W.-Y., Bui, T. A., & Dao, T. C. (2022). The influence of cross-cultural stable and dynamic competencies on expatriate adaptation and outcomes: the case of Taiwan. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 14(4), 747-770. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/APJBA-01-2021-0020

Wyant, M. H., & Kramer, M. W. (2022). “They Are Nothing More Than His Spies on the Floor”: Local Employees’ Sensemaking and Interpretation of Expatriates’ Roles and Responsibilities. Management Communication Quarterly, 36(1), 124-148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/08933189211029561

Yavas, U., & Bodur, M. (1999). Correlates of adjustment: a study of expatriate managers in an emerging country. Management Decision, 37, 267-279. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00251749910264505

Yukl, G. (2012). Effective leadership behavior: What we know and what questions need more attention. Academy of Management Perspectives, 26(4), 66-85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2012.0088

Yusuf, S. O., Aribisala, A. F., Muhammed, A. O., Mobayo, J. O., & Belgore, U. (2022). Competitive Advantage among Indigenous Construction Firms in Competing with Expatriate Contractors in Nigeria. International Journal of Real Estate Studies, 16(2), 11-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11113/intrest.v16n2.153

Zhao, S., Liu, Y., & Zhou, L. (2020). How does a boundaryless mindset enhance expatriate job performance? The mediating role of proactive resource acquisition tactics and the moderating role of behavioural cultural intelligence. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 31(10), 1333-1357. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1253033

Zhou, J., & Charoensukmongkol, P. (2022). Cultural intelligence and adaptive selling behaviors in cross-cultural selling: The cognitive resource theory and social role theory perspective. Journal of Business Research, 146, 477-488. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.03.079

Zhu, D., Doan, T., Kanjanakan, P., & Kim, P. B. (2022). The impact of emotional intelligence on hospitality employees’ work outcomes: a systematic and meta-analytical review. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 31(3), 326-347. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2021.1978914

Downloads

Published

30-06-2023

How to Cite

Shamim, F., Qazi, S., Khalid, Y. ., & Chughtai, M. S. (2023). Training of Political Skills as Moderator between Cultural Intelligence and Expatriate Adjustment: A Social Learning Theory Perspective. Journal of Innovative Research in Management Sciences, 4(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.62270/jirms.v4i1.40