The Role of Occupational Self-Efficacy as a Mediator between Paradoxical Leadership and Job Crafting from the Lens of Proactive Motivation Theory

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.62270/jirms.v5i2.72

Keywords:

Theory of proactive motivation model, paradoxical leadership, Occupational self-efficacy, Job crafting

Abstract

Purpose- By utilizing the theory of the proactive motivation model, the mediation effect of occupational self-efficacy between paradoxical leadership and job crafting has been examined in this study.

Study Design/methodology/approach- This study adopted a temporally segregated research design for two time intervals, 1 month apart; we collected data from 422 employees from the telecom sector of Islamabad and Rawalpindi.

Findings- Using SMART PLS-SEM, the findings showed that the relationship between paradoxical leadership and job crafting was mediated by occupational self-efficacy. The data supported the hypothesized relationships.

Research Practical Implications- The study highlights the significance of employees’ proactive behavior providing practical insights for managers and identifies occupational elements by incorporating the model of proactive motivation theory. Organizations can undertake leadership training that is specifically designed to promote proactivity. Managers should create a balanced leadership and conducive environment to initiate occupational self-efficacy that can promote proactivity in job crafting.

Originality/value- There is limited research on paradoxical leadership that can align with the proactivity of employees who have been efficacious at work. These findings offer insight into how employees' occupational self-efficacy can initiate the proactivity of job crafting in a dynamic environment.

References

Abbas, M., & Ali, R. (2023). Transformational versus transactional leadership styles and project success: A meta-analytic review. European Management Journal, 41(1), 125-142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2021.10.011

Adigwe, C. S., Abalaka, A., Olaniyi, O. O., Adebiyi, O. O., & Oladoyinbo, T. O. (2023). Critical analysis of innovative leadership through effective data analytics: Exploring trends in business analysis, finance, marketing, and information technology. Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting, 23(22). DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/ajeba/2023/v23i221165

Afsar, B., Masood, M., & Umrani, W. A. (2019). The role of job crafting and knowledge sharing on the effect of transformational leadership on innovative work behavior. Personnel Review, 48(5), 1186-1208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-04-2018-0133

Afsar, B., & Umrani, W. A. (2019). Transformational leadership and innovative work behavior: The role of motivation to learn, task complexity and innovation climate. European Journal of Innovation Management, EJIM-, 257, 12-2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-12-2018-0257

Aksoy, Ş. (2019). The relationship between challenges of occupational safety specialists, psychological safety, professional self–efficacy belief and proactive work behavior İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi].

Bajaba, S. M., Alajhar, N. A., & Bajaba, A. M. (2021). The bottom-up impact of proactive personality on employee job crafting: a serial mediation model. The Journal of Psychology, 155(6), 523-547. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2021.1921679

Bargsted, M., Ramírez-Vielma, R., & Yeves, J. (2019). Professional self-efficacy and job satisfaction: The mediator role of work design. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, 35(3), 157-163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5093/jwop2019a18

Batool, U., Raziq, M. M., & Sarwar, N. (2023). The paradox of paradoxical leadership: a multi-level conceptualization. Human Resource Management Review, 33(4), 100983. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2023.100983

Black, O., Keegel, T., Sim, M. R., Collie, A., & Smith, P. (2018). The effect of self-efficacy on return-to-work outcomes for workers with psychological or upper-body musculoskeletal injuries: a review of the literature. Journal of occupational rehabilitation, 28, 16-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-017-9697-y

Çetin, F., & Aşkun, D. (2018). The effect of occupational self-efficacy on work performance through intrinsic work motivation. Management Research Review, 41(2), 186-201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-03-2017-0062

Chughtai, A. (2018). Authentic leadership, career self-efficacy and career success: a cross-sectional study. Career Development International, 23(6/7), 595-607. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-05-2018-0160

Chughtai, M. S., & Khan, H. S. (2023). Knowledge oriented leadership and employees’ innovative performance: a moderated mediation model. Current Psychology, 1, 1-14.

Chughtai, M. S., & Rizvi, S. T. H. (2020). Empowering Leadership and Occupational Burnout: A Moderated Mediation Model of Employee Optimism, Employee Hardiness and Job Crafting. NICE Research Journal, 13(1), 122-157. DOI: https://doi.org/10.51239/nrjss.v0i0.158

Chughtai, M. S., Syed, F., Naseer, S., & Chinchilla, N. (2023). Role of adaptive leadership in learning organizations to boost organizational innovations with change self-efficacy. Current Psychology, 1-20.

Chughtai, M. S., Syed, F., Naseer, S., & Chinchilla, N. (2023). Role of adaptive leadership in learning organizations to boost organizational innovations with change self‑efcacy. Current Psychology, 1-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04669-z

Din, S. U., Khan, M. A., Farid, H., & Rodrigo, P. (2023). Proactive personality: A bibliographic review of research trends and publications. Personality and Individual Differences, 205, 112066. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.112066

Dysvik, A., Kuvaas, B., & Buch, R. (2016). Perceived investment in employee development and taking charge. Journal of managerial psychology, 31(1), 50-60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-04-2013-0117

Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error: Algebra and Statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382-388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800313

Giorgi, G., Lecca, L. I., Alessio, F., Finstad, G. L., Bondanini, G., Lulli, L. G., Arcangeli, G., & Mucci, N. (2020). COVID-19-related mental health effects in the workplace: a narrative review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(21), 7857. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217857

Guarnaccia, C., Scrima, F., Civilleri, A., & Salerno, L. (2018). The role of occupational self-efficacy in mediating the effect of job insecurity on work engagement, satisfaction and general health. Current Psychology, 37, 488-497. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9525-0

Guo, Z., Yan, J., Wang, X., & Zhen, J. (2020). Ambidextrous leadership and employee work outcomes: a paradox theory perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1661. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01661

Guohao, L., Pervaiz, S., & Qi, H. (2021). Workplace friendship is a blessing in the exploration of supervisor behavioral integrity, affective commitment, and employee proactive behavior–An empirical research from service industries of Pakistan. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 1447-1459. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S329905

Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203

Hirschi, A. (2012). Callings and work engagement: Moderated mediation model of work meaningfulness, occupational identity, and occupational self-efficacy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59(3), 479-485. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028949

Huang, D., Zhu, T., Wu, Y., & Sun, T. (2022). A study on paradoxical leadership and multiple path mechanisms of employees’ Bootleg innovation. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 3391-3407. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S383155

Hur, J., Jung, J., & Kang, S. (2019). Study on the relationship among empowering leadership, job crafting, job engagement and innovative behavior: Focused on restaurant industry employees. Culinary Science & Hospitality Research, 25(7), 70-80.

Inceoglu, I., Thomas, G., Chu, C., Plans, D., & Gerbasi, A. (2018). Leadership behavior and employee well-being: An integrated review and a future research agenda. The Leadership Quarterly, 29(1), 179-202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.12.006

Ishaq, E., Bashir, S., & Khan, A. K. (2021). Paradoxical leader behaviors: Leader personality and follower outcomes. Applied Psychology, 70(1), 342-357. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12233

Islam, T., Zahra, I., Rehman, S. U., & Jamil, S. (2024). How knowledge sharing encourages innovative work behavior through occupational self-efficacy? The moderating role of entrepreneurial leadership. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication, 73(1/2), 67-83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/GKMC-02-2022-0041

Jiang, F., Lu, S., Wang, H., Zhu, X., & Lin, W. (2021). The roles of leader empowering behaviour and employee proactivity in daily job crafting: A compensatory model. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 30(1), 58-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2020.1813110

Karsten, N., & Hendriks, F. (2017). Don’t call me a leader, but I am one: The Dutch mayor and the tradition of bridging-and-bonding leadership in consensus democracies. Leadership, 13(2), 154-172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715016651711

Khan, H. S., & Chughtai, M. S. (2022). Associating Empowering Leadership and Occupational Burnout in Nursing: A Mediated Moderation Model. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2022(1), 17049. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2022.17049abstract DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2022.17049abstract

Khan, H. S. u. d., Chughtai, M. S., Ma, Z., Li, M., & He, D. (2024). Adaptive Leadership and Safety Citizenship Behaviors in Pakistan: The roles of Readiness to Change, Psychosocial Safety Climate and Proactive Personality. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1298428

Khan, M. M., Mubarik, M. S., & Islam, T. (2020). Leading the innovation: role of trust and job crafting as sequential mediators relating servant leadership and innovative work behavior. European Journal of Innovation Management, 24(5), 1547-1568. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-05-2020-0187

Kim, M., & Beehr, T. A. (2021). The power of empowering leadership: Allowing and encouraging followers to take charge of their own jobs. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(9), 1865-1898. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2019.1657166

Klaeijsen, A., Vermeulen, M., & Martens, R. (2018). Teachers’ innovative behaviour: The importance of basic psychological need satisfaction, intrinsic motivation, and occupational self-efficacy. Scandinavian journal of educational research, 62(5), 769-782. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2017.1306803

Kundi, Y. M., Aboramadan, M., & Abualigah, A. (2023). Linking paradoxical leadership and individual in-role and extra-role performance: a multilevel examination. Management Decision, 61(10), 2851-2871. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-10-2022-1353

Lai, F.-Y., Lu, S.-C., Lin, C.-C., & Lee, Y.-C. (2019). The relationship between leader–member exchange and employees’ proactive behaviors. Journal of Personnel Psychology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000226

Lavy, S., & Littman-Ovadia, H. (2017). My better self: Using strengths at work and work productivity, organizational citizenship behavior, and satisfaction. Journal of Career Development, 44(2), 95-109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845316634056

Le, T., Po, H., Xiao, Y., & Heyi, S. (2020). Paradoxical leadership: a literature review and prospects. Foreign Economics & Management, 42(04), 63-79.

Lestari, U. D. (2022). When occupational self efficacy and intrinsic motivation influence on job satisfaction and job performance. IJHCM (International Journal of Human Capital Management), 6(1), 13-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21009/IJHCM.06.01.2

Li, C., & Bao, Y. (2020). Ethical leadership and positive work behaviors: a conditional process model. Journal of managerial psychology, 35(3), 155-168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-10-2018-0475

Li, X., Xue, Y., Liang, H., & Yan, D. (2020). The impact of paradoxical leadership on employee voice behavior: a moderated mediation model. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 537756. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.537756

Lidman, L., Gustavsson, M., & Fogelberg Eriksson, A. (2023). Learning and employee-driven innovation in the public sector–the interplay between employee engagement and organisational conditions. Journal of Workplace Learning, 35(9), 86-100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JWL-05-2022-0055

Ma, Z., Khan, H. S., Chughtai, M. S., Li, M., Ge, B., & Qadri, S. U. (2023). A Review of Supervisor–Subordinate Guanxi: Current Trends and Future Research. Sustainability, 15(1), 795. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010795

Mielniczuk, E., & Laguna, M. (2020). Positive affect mediates the relationship between self‐efficacy and innovative behavior in entrepreneurs. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 54(2), 267-278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.364

Naseer, S., Chughtai, M. S., & Syed, F. (2023). Do high-performance work practices promote an individual's readiness and commitment to change? The moderating role of adaptive leadership. Journal of Organizational Change Management. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-02-2023-0036

Niessen, C., Weseler, D., & Kostova, P. (2016). When and why do individuals craft their jobs? The role of individual motivation and work characteristics for job crafting. Human Relations, 69(6), 1287-1313. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726715610642 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726715610642

Park, S., & Jo, S. J. (2018). The impact of proactivity, leader-member exchange, and climate for innovation on innovative behavior in the Korean government sector. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 39(1), 130-149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-09-2016-0216

Park, S., & Park, S. (2023). Contextual antecedents of job crafting: review and future research agenda. European Journal of Training and Development, 47(1/2), 141-165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-06-2021-0071

Parker, S. K., Bindl, U. K., & Strauss, K. (2010). Making things happen: A model of proactive motivation. Journal of Management, 36(4), 827-856. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310363732

Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 539-569. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100452

Rigotti, T., Schyns, B., & Mohr, G. (2008). A Short Version of the Occupational Self-Efficacy Scale: Structural and Construct Validity Across Five Countries. Journal of Career Assessment, 16(2), 238-255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072707305763

Rogala, A., & Cieslak, R. (2019). Positive emotions at work and job crafting: Results from two prospective studies. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2786. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02786

Rudolph, C. W., & Zacher, H. (2021). Age inclusive human resource practices, age diversity climate, and work ability: Exploring between-and within-person indirect effects. Work, Aging and Retirement, 7(4), 387-403. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/waaa008

Scholar, A. (2022). Authentic Leadership Style and Employee’s Performance: The Moderating Role of Job Crafting in Adamawa State Adamu Ahmed Girei; Rafiatu Ahmed Digil; & Rifkatu Ibrahim.

Shamim, F., Qazi, S., Khalid, Y., & Chughtai, M. S. (2023). Training of Political Skills as Moderator between Cultural Intelligence and Expatriate Adjustment: A Social Learning Theory Perspective. Journal of Innovative Research in Management Sciences, 4(1), 1-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.62270/jirms.v4i1.40

Shao, Y., Nijstad, B. A., & Täuber, S. (2019). Creativity under workload pressure and integrative complexity: The double-edged sword of paradoxical leadership. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 155, 7-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2019.01.008

Smith, W. K., & Lewis, M. W. (2011). Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model of organizing. Academy of Management Review, 36(2), 381-403. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2011.59330958

Syed, F., Naseer, S., & Shamim, F. (2022). Dealing with the devil: Combined effects of destructive leadership and Dark Triad personality on revenge, happiness and psychological detachment. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration, 39(2), 213-230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cjas.1660

Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., & Derks, D. (2012). Development and validation of the job crafting scale. Journal of vocational behavior, 80(1), 173-186. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.05.009

Tims, M., Derks, D., & Bakker, A. B. (2016). Job crafting and its relationships with person–job fit and meaningfulness: A three-wave study. Journal of vocational behavior, 92, 44-53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.11.007

Vroom, V. H., & Jago, A. G. (2007). The role of the situation in leadership. American Psychologist, 62(1), 17-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.62.1.17

Wang, H.-j., Chen, X., & Lu, C.-q. (2020). When career dissatisfaction leads to employee job crafting: The role of job social support and occupational self-efficacy. Career Development International, 25(4), 337-354. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-03-2019-0069

Wang, H.-J., Demerouti, E., & Le Blanc, P. (2017). Transformational leadership, adaptability, and job crafting: The moderating role of organizational identification. Journal of vocational behavior, 100, 185-195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.03.009

Wang, M., Zhang, J., He, J., & Bi, Y. (2022). Paradoxical leadership and employee innovation: organization-based self-esteem and harmonious passion as sequential mediators. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 50(7), 1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.11634

Wang, Z., Zhang, J., Thomas, C. L., Yu, J., & Spitzmueller, C. (2017). Explaining benefits of employee proactive personality: The role of engagement, team proactivity composition and perceived organizational support. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 101, 90-103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.04.002

Wrzesniewski, A., & Dutton, J. E. (2001). Crafting a job: Revisioning employees as active crafters of their work. Academy of management review, 26(2), 179-201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/259118

Wrzesniewski, A., LoBuglio, N., Dutton, J. E., & Berg, J. M. (2013). Job crafting and cultivating positive meaning and identity in work. Advances in positive organizational psychology, 1, 281-302. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S2046-410X(2013)0000001015

Xue, Y., Li, X., Wang, H., & Zhang, Q. (2020). How employee’s leadership potential leads to leadership ostracism behavior: The mediating role of envy, and the moderating role of political skills. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), 3080. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph17093080 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093080

Yang, Y., Li, Z., Liang, L., & Zhang, X. (2021). Why and when paradoxical leader behavior impact employee creativity: Thriving at work and psychological safety. Current Psychology, 40(4), 1911-1922. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-0095-1

Zhang, M. J., Zhang, Y., & Law, K. S. (2022). Paradoxical leadership and innovation in work teams: The multilevel mediating role of ambidexterity and leader vision as a boundary condition. Academy of management Journal, 65(5), 1652-1679. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2017.1265

Zhang, Y., Waldman, D. A., Han, Y.-L., & Li, X.-B. (2015). Paradoxical leader behaviors in people management: Antecedents and consequences. Academy of management Journal, 58(2), 538-566. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2012.0995

Downloads

Published

30-06-2024

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Noureen Akhtar, & Adnan Riaz. (2024). The Role of Occupational Self-Efficacy as a Mediator between Paradoxical Leadership and Job Crafting from the Lens of Proactive Motivation Theory. Journal of Innovative Research in Management Sciences, 5(2), 22-40. https://doi.org/10.62270/jirms.v5i2.72